“…OLCV, a wholly owned subsidiary of Occidental, will take, transport and store CO2 captured from the Bayou Fuels facility, when it is completed, enabling the production of transportation fuels that have a net negative carbon intensity—making it the first facility of its kind in the world….”
Source: https://www.velocys.com/2019/10/10/negative-emission-fuel-agreement/
“…The first carbon negative plant demonstrating circular economy tenets
Located on a 171-acre site at the Port of Columbia, the LGF plant will affordably convert forestry waste feedstock into cleaner-burning renewable diesel and is projected to produce 33.7 million gallons of renewable fuel per year once in operation….”
“… the Carbon Intensity (CI) of the LGF project, according to Life Cycle Associates, a leading analytical firm for the California Air Resources Board, would score at minus 294 (-294 gCO2e/MJ)….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2023/02/20230227-ftcans.html
“…By-products of fuel production are carbon-rich solids that sequester carbon when used as soil amendments. In many cases, the company’s FLEX plants will have a negative carbon footprint….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2023/04/20230415-terrastar.html
“…In 2018, the total content of anthropogenic fossil CO2 in the atmosphere is estimated as 3.664 × 10^17 g…”
“…the stand-alone FT fuel production from various plant designs can reduce WTW GHG emissions by 90–108%, relative to petroleum fuels….”
Source: Zang et al., “Life Cycle Analysis of Electrofuels: Fischer–Tropsch Fuel Production from Hydrogen and Corn Ethanol Byproduct CO2,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 6, 3888–3897, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c05893
“…the median scenario of all 85 possible pathways considered by the IPCC to hold the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees C above preindustrial levels by 2050 foresees a bigger role for biofuels than for wind and solar energy combined….”
Source: “Whatever happened to cellulosic ethanol?” Physics Today, July 2022, Page 24 – https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/PT.3.5036
“…the only chance to enable automobile-based mobility for all regions in Europe in combination with intensive CO2 reduction is the intensive increase of reFuels [renewable fuels & e-fuels] production….”
Source: https://iastec.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/20210624-IASTEC-Letter.pdf
“…The results showed that a total of 1594 million metric ton per year of waste CO2 can be captured and converted into 85 and 319 billion gallons of FT fuels and methanol, respectively. FT fuels can potentially substitute for 36% of the total petroleum fuels used in the transportation sector in 2018. Technoeconomic analysis shows that the minimum selling prices for synthetic FT fuels and methanol are 1.8–2.8 times the price of petroleum fuel/chemicals, but the total CO2 reduction potential is 935–1777 MMT/year….”
Source: Zang et al., “Synthetic Methanol/Fischer–Tropsch Fuel Production Capacity, Cost, and Carbon Intensity Utilizing CO2 from Industrial and Power Plants in the United States.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 11, 7595–7604 – https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-synthetic_meoh_ft_fuel
“…Even after adding new refinery capital costs and operations costs, I expect new refineries could produce nuclear diesel at current wholesale prices near $3 per gallon….”
Source: https://www.realclearenergy.org/articles/2023/06/13/nuclear_diesel_a_game_changer_940322.html
“…It [alkoxyalkanoate ether esters] was also among the lowest cost pathways in the target case across all conversion routes along with renewable diesel via HTL of wet wastes, fatty acid fusel esters, and Fischer–Tropsch diesel falling near or below approximately $3.50/GGE….”
Source: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00781
“……In California, the fastest growing eliminator of transportation sources of greenhouse gas emissions is the use of renewable diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel….”
“…Renewable liquid fuels – including renewable and biodiesel – displaced over 568 million gallons of diesel in 2018. Nearly 120 million gallons of diesel were displaced by renewable natural gas, and electricity – used to run hundreds of thousands of plug-in cars and trucks – displaced about 96 million gallons of petroleum….”
“…Clean fuels replaced more than 50% of the diesel used in the state [CA] in the first quarter of 2023…”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2023/08/20230824-lcfs.html
“…The average carbon intensity of renewable diesel, measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per megajoule (gCO2e/MJ), has been about 30 gCO2e/MJ since spring 2016. … Ultra-low sulfur diesel, which accounts for most of the diesel supplied in California, has a carbon intensity of 102 gCO2e/MJ….”
Source: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37472
“…The [Achates] truck achieved up to 10.8 mpg on a 389 mile delivery route with an average of 10% better fuel economy compared to a best-in-class production engine, over a variety of routes with the advantage increasing to 22% on some routes. This was done within the proposed 2027 ultra-low NOx emissions standard and with only an off-the-shelf current aftertreatment system…”
Source: https://achatespower.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/API-ACT-Press-Release_FINAL052024.docx.pdf
“…New diesels also emit 18% less CO2 in real-world testing, according to early testing from Emissions Analytics….”
“…If similar petrol and diesel segments are compared, conventional petrol cars emit 10-40 % more [CO2] than conventional diesel cars….”
Source: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/monitoring-co2-emissions-from-new-2 [Page 8]
“…the increase in BC associated with the shift would lead to an annual average positive radiative effect over the U.S. of approximately +0.075 W/m2, with values as large as +0.45 W/m2 over urban regions. On the other hand, the reduction in CO2 emissions associated with the enhanced fuel economy of GDI vehicles would yield a globally uniform negative radiative effect, estimated to be −0.013 W/m2 over a 20 year time horizon….”
Source: Neyestani et al. “Direct Radiative Effect and Public Health Implications of Aerosol Emissions Associated with Shifting to Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Technologies in Light-Duty Vehicles in the United States.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 2, 687-696, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b04115 (Abstract)
“…While our real-world test results for diesel cars are in line with WLTP data indicating that manufacturers have got their house in order over diesel, the same cannot be said for petrol…”
“…Gasoline engines averaged fuel economy that was 0.7 mpg lower than EPA ratings, but diesel engines were on average 0.7 mpg higher. Hybrid powertrains averaged 3.3 mpg lower fuel economy, although Consumer Reports noted that many owners report higher average fuel economy that’s closer to EPA ratings….”
“…Fulcrum BioEnergy, the parent company of Fulcrum Sierra BioFuels, has applied for a new fuel pathway under the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCSF) for its process of converting municipal solid waste (MSW) into Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) diesel fuel….”
Source: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/01/20160103-fulcrum.html, https://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/2a2b/apps/ful-ftd-sum-123015.pdf (description of process)
“…Specifically, [cylinder deactivation] benefits include increasing turbine outlet temperatures by 100 degrees C at all engine speeds due to reduction in air-fuel ratio, which can result in higher aftertreatment efficiencies. Fuel economy gains at low loads can be as much as 30%….”
Source: Diesel Progress, June 2017, “Street Smarts”
“…Extensive testing of Eaton’s CDA [cylinder-deactivation] technology conducted on heavy-duty diesel engines by the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in San Antonio, Texas, resulted in an up to 86 percent NOx reduction and a 3 to 8 percent CO2 reduction, depending on the test cycle….”
“…Cylinder deactivation could generate the required temperature at BMEPs as low as 1.5 bar….”
Source: https://www.dieselnet.com/news/2019/12integer.php
“…Diesels offer a promising pathway for [GHG] compliance…”
Source: ICCT, WORKING PAPER 2017-08, http://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Diesel-Engines_ICCT-Working-Paper_10072017_vF.pdf
“…The biorefinery in Lakeview [OR] will convert 136,000 tons of forestry residue into 15 million gallons per year of renewable transportation fuels including diesel and jet fuel….
…The FT process is highly exothermic…”
Source: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/05/20180504-velocys.html
“…Blending renewable diesel with biodiesel allows users to supplement their renewable diesel with another renewable fuel that has positive emissions and performance profiles….”
Source: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/05/20180502-reg.html
“…These vehicles experienced an overall increase in fuel economy, less maintenance of their emissions systems and an increase in engine power [with RD100]…”
Source: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/06/20180616-neste.html
“MONTREAL, Sep. 10, 2018 /CNW/ – Enerkem Inc. (www.enerkem.com), a world-leading waste-to-biofuels and chemicals producer, announced today that it has successfully produced a clean, renewable bio-dimethyl ether (Bio-DME), a by-product of biomethanol, that could help address global climate change efficiently by replacing the use of diesel fuel in the transportation sector….”
Source: https://enerkem.com/newsroom/?communique_id=122568
“…The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all petroleum fuel in the USA, its growth would require an area equivalent to just 0.42% of the American land mass—less than one seventh of the area of corn harvest in the USA in the year 2000….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/11/20181105-mazda.html
=========================================
Vehicle Emissions – General
“…for long-haul trucks, which is nonvocational, there are no GHG emission reduction benefits with the current U.S. average grid mix…
…shifting from ICEV to BEV is estimated to increase WTW PM10 emissions across all MHDV types by 9−109%, considering the 2019 U.S. electricity grid generation mix for BEV recharging….
…The WTW GHG emissions per ton-mile is more favorable for ICEV when considering its higher payload capability compared to the corresponding BEV…”
Source: Liu et al. “Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Zero-Emission Plug-In Battery Electric Vehicle Technology for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 1, 538–546, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c02931
“…the research also highlighted impacts of an advanced diesel vs. electrification strategy on regional air quality as well, finding that the business-as-usual case replacing pre-2007 model year diesel vehicles which lacked diesel particulate filters with advanced technology diesel vehicles provided the largest particulate matter (PM) reduction. This is due to new technology diesel engines’ 98% PM reductions compared to EVs’ 95% PM reduction assuming power from the U.S. Grid Mix….”
“…current and future energy scenario predictions show that electric vehicles will produce an increase in fine particulate matter formation (26%), human carcinogenic (20%) and non-carcinogenic toxicity (61%), terrestrial ecotoxicity (31%), freshwater ecotoxicity (39%), and marine ecotoxicity (41%) relative to petrol vehicles….
…BEVs perform the worst regarding fine particulate matter formation, human toxicity and ecotoxicity in current and future….”
Source: GonzaloPuig-Samper Naranjo et al. “Comparative life cycle assessment of conventional, electric and hybrid passenger vehicles in Spain,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 291, 1 April 2021, 125883, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652621001037
“…gasoline vehicles currently have lower total NOx, urban NOx, total PM2.5, and urban PM2.5 in 33%; 15%; 70%; and 10% of states, respectively. BEV emissions will decrease in 2050 due to a cleaner grid, but the relative benefits when compared to gasoline vehicles do not change significantly, as gasoline vehicles are also improving over this time….”
Source: Burnham et al., “Regional Emissions Analysis of Light-Duty Battery Electric Vehicles,” Atmosphere 2021, 12(11), 1482, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1482/htm
“…our results indicate that the CVRP has displaced emissions from vehicle tailpipes to electric generating units, leading to a net increase in primary PM2.5 emissions across the state of California….
…Of particular concern for environmental justice and public health is the finding that Disadvantaged Communities, as defined according to CalEnviroScreen 4.0, are disproportionately more likely to experience either larger net increases or smaller net reductions in primary PM2.5, NOX, and SO2 emissions as a result of the CVRP….”
Source: Mejía-Duwan J, Hino M, Mach KJ (2023) “Emissions redistribution and environmental justice implications of California’s clean vehicle rebate project.” PLOS Clim 2(5), https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000183
“…EVs have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy consumption; however, they have higher impacts than ICEVs in terms of metal and mineral consumption and human toxicity potential….”
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721079493
“…This first round of measurements performed over 3 days in December 2021 in the California San Joaquin Valley with ambient temperatures in the mid-40s °F while the vehicle was in active fleet operation showed between a 99% and 50% margin to the most stringent EPA 2031+ in-use NOx proposed Regulations…”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2022/04/20220420-achates.html
“…All the tests showed results well below (providing 52%-99% margin) the most stringent EPA proposed limit as well as below the most stringent CARB limit….” [Italics original]
“…We are expecting 0.007 [g/bhp-hr NOx on the FTP cycle]…much lower than the 0.02 [Ultralow NOx regulation]….”
Source: https://achatespower.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Achates-Power-HD-Demo-Technical-Review-1.pdf
“…A typical electric car requires six times the mineral inputs of a conventional car….”
“…out of the eight minerals used in electric cars, five are not used in conventional cars: graphite, nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earths….
…The net import reliance for seven of the eight minerals used in electric cars is 50% or greater, with a 100% import reliance on natural graphite, manganese, and rare earths….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2022/02/20220218-sivakminerals.html
“…completely getting rid of combustion-engined vehicles also doesn’t make sense….”
“…Harvard University researchers find that the transition to wind or solar power in the U.S. would require five to 20 times more land than previously thought, and, if such large-scale wind farms were built, would warm average surface temperatures over the continental U.S. by 0.24 degrees Celsius….
…The Harvard researchers found that the warming effect of wind turbines in the continental U.S. was actually larger than the effect of reduced emissions for the first century of its operation….”
Source: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/10/large-scale-wind-power-has-its-down-side/
“…The result of the comparison is less favorable for electric cars when looking at the current impacts of their production on ecosystems and the toxicity of the materials involved….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/11/201081126-eea.html
“…It is estimated that the potential human toxicity impacts of the production phase are between 2.2 and 3.3 times greater for electric vehicles than for ICEVs… (Page 16)
…emissions of NOx, SO2 and PM from BEV production are 1.5-2.5 times higher than those of ICEV production… (Page 26)
…Research does, however, suggest that BEVs could be responsible for greater negative [human toxicity] impacts overall than their ICEV equivalents (Figure 6.2). The increased impact of BEVs compared with ICEVs results from additional copper and where relevant nickel requirements associated with BEVs, with toxic emissions mostly occurring in the disposal of the sulphidic mine tailings associated with extracting these metals….” (Page 58)
Source: European Environmental Agency, “Electric vehicles from life cycle and circular economy perspectives, TERM 2018: Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism (TERM) report.” EEA Report No 13/2018, November 2018, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/electric-vehicles-from-life-cycle
“…High use of copper and nickel, in batteries and electric motors, and copper and gold, in power electronics, increase disposal of mine tailings containing sulfides…”
Source: Nordelöf, A., Messagie, M., Tillman, AM. et al. “Environmental impacts of hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles—what can we learn from life cycle assessment?” Int J Life Cycle Assess 19, 1866–1890 (2014), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-014-0788-0
“…The 2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill was an environmental disaster that began at the Gold King Mine near Silverton, Colorado, when Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) personnel, along with workers for Environmental Restoration LLC (a Missouri company under EPA contract to mitigate pollutants from the closed mine), caused the release of toxic waste water into the Animas River watershed. They caused the accident by breaching a tailings dam while attempting to drain ponded water near the entrance of the mine on August 5….”
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Gold_King_Mine_waste_water_spill
“…electrification is something of a devil’s bargain owing to other environmental impact categories that remain far worse than for ICEVs no matter how far projected into a golden future – these include terrestrial acidification; freshwater eutrophication; human toxicity and non-exhaust particulate emissions….”
Source: https://mailchi.mp/emissionsanalytics/lifecycleassessment
“…Depending on the scenario, year, and impact, EVs can perform better or worse than ICEVs….”
Source: Beltran et al., “When the Background Matters: Using Scenarios from Integrated Assessment Models in Prospective Life Cycle Assessment.” Journal of Industrial Ecology, November 2018, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jiec.12825
“…Resource demand in EV manufacturing is extremely high, largely due to the battery materials….”
Source: https://www.dieselnet.com/news/2017/11fad.php
“… Vehicles using lithium ions batteries have the highest impacts for human toxicity….”
Source: Lidiane La Picirellide Souza et al., “Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional vehicles with different fuel options, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles for a sustainable transportation system in Brazil.” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 203, December 2018, Pages 444-468, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261832585X (Abstract)
“…in terms of other environmental burdens such as acidification, particulate matter formation, and toxicity, BEV may in some cases and FCV are likely to perform worse than modern fossil fueled cars as a consequence of emissions along vehicle and fuel production chains….”
Source: Bauer, C., et al., 2015, “The environmental performance of current and future passenger vehicles: life cycle assessment based on a novel scenario analysis framework.” Applied Energy 157, pp. 871-883, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261915000252 (Abstract)
“…the BEV manufacturing phase determined the highest environmental burdens mainly in the toxicity categories as a result of the use of metals in the battery pack….”
Source: Tagliaferri, C., et al., 2016, “Life cycle assessment of future electric and hybrid vehicles: a cradle-to-grave systems engineering approach’.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design 112, pp. 298-309, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263876216301824 (Abstract)
“…This study found that the electric bus was preferable in only eight states, including Washington and Oregon….”
Source: Cooney et al., “Life Cycle Assessment of Diesel and Electric Public Transportation Buses.” Journal of Industrial Ecology, April 2013, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jiec.12024 (Abstract)
“…At the state level, 91 percent of local pollution damages from driving an electric vehicle are exported to states other than the state in which the vehicle is driven. In contrast, only 19 percent of local pollution damages from driving a gasoline vehicle are exported to other states….
…Our results imply subsidies of -$1,095 on average with a range from $2,785 in California to -$4,964 in North Dakota [for an electric vehicle]. Thus environmental benefits from driving cannot, alone, justify the federal subsidy. As discussed above, other studies have estimated upstream environmental benefits of electric vehicles of about -$1,500 and have estimated benefits of $1,400 due to reduced oil consumption. Combining these three factors cannot justify the federal subsidy….”
Source: Holland et al. (2016), “Are There Environmental Benefits from Driving Electric Vehicles? The Importance of Local Factors,” American Economic Review, 106(12): 3700-3729, http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/aer.20150897
“…Electric cars lead to hidden environmental and health damages and are likely more harmful than gasoline cars and other transportation options….”
“…Electric vehicles and grid-dependent (plug-in) hybrid vehicles showed somewhat higher nonclimate damages than many other technologies for both 2005 and 2030. Operating these vehicles produces few or no emissions, but producing the electricity to power them currently relies heavily on fossil fuels; also, energy used in creating the battery and electric motor adds up to 20 percent to the manufacturing part of life-cycle damages….
…Fully implementing federal rules on diesel fuel emissions, which require vehicles beginning in the model year 2007 to use low-sulfur diesel, is expected to substantially decrease nonclimate damages from diesel…”
(Note last paragraph of press release: “…The report was sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Treasury…. Committee members, who serve pro bono as volunteers, are chosen by the Academies for each study based on their expertise and experience and must satisfy the Academies’s conflict-of-interest standards. The resulting consensus reports undergo external peer review before completion….”)
Source: National Academy of Sciences, “Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use.” Press Release, October 19, 2009, http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12794
“…The grid-dependent electric options have somewhat higher damages and GWP than other technologies, even in our 2030 analysis, in large measure due to the continued conventional and GHG emissions from the existing and likely future grid at least as of 2030….” (Page 219 (of 474))
“…Diesel, which has relatively high damages in 2005, has one of the lowest levels of damage in 2030. This result is due to the substantial reductions in both PM and NOx emissions that a diesel vehicle has been required to attain after the 2006 introduction of low-sulfur fuel….” (Page 350 (of 474))
Source: National Academy of Sciences, “Hidden Cost of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use.” (2009), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12794, Figure 3-7, Page 212 (of 474)
“…EVs exhibit the potential for significant increases in human toxicity, freshwater eco-toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and metal depletion impacts, largely emanating from the vehicle supply chain….
…In the absence of foreseeable improvements to electricity mixes, a more significant reduction in GWP could potentially be achieved by increasing fuel efficiency or shifting from gasoline to diesel ICEVs without significant problem-shifting….”
Source: Troy R. Hawkins, et al. (2012) “Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles.” Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17: 53-64, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x/full
“…The results of a new, comprehensive modeling study characterizing light-duty electric drive vehicle (EDV) deployment in the US over 108 discrete scenarios do not demonstrate a clear and consistent trend toward lower system-wide emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx as EDV deployment increases….
…the model deploys diesel and diesel hybrids in many scenarios, which may be a cost-effective way to reduce CO2 emissions given their higher efficiency compared to conventional gasoline vehicles….”
Source: Samaneh Babaee, Ajay S. Nagpure, and Joseph F. DeCarolis (2014), “How Much Do Electric Drive Vehicles Matter to Future U.S. Emissions?” Environmental Science & Technology, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es4045677 (Abstract)
“…The global warming potential for EVs that rely on natural gas – generally considered to be the cleanest fossil fuel – show an improvement of only 12 percent over gasoline, and break even with diesel….”
Source: http://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/hold-smugness-tesla-might-just-worse-environment-know/#!br7Vx8
“…The link is graphite, a vital component in batteries used in Tesla’s Model S, Toyota’s plug-in Prius and other electric cars, as well as in electronic gadgets including iPhones. It’s mostly mined and processed in China where graphite pollution has fouled air and water, damaged crops and raised health concerns…”
“…The companies making those products promote the bright futuristic possibilities of the “clean” technology. But virtually all such batteries use graphite, and its cheap production in China, often under lax environmental controls, produces old-fashioned industrial pollution….”
Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/business/batteries/graphite-mining-pollution-in-china/
“…Cobalt mining comes at a great cost to public health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo….”
“…Renewable energy companies need to disclose more about their heavy reliance on mining….”
Source: https://www.dropbox.com/s/qop9b0b63vveoh7/Coming%20Clean%20-%20Nature%20Climate%20Change.pdf?dl=
“…The platforms made to anchor the turbine tower require more than one thousand tons of concrete and steel rebar, and depending on the land contour, are 6 to 30 feet deep. The manufacture of each one ton of cement emits 900 kg (kilograms) of CO2 into the atmosphere. That equates to uncountable millions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions attributable to wind energy…”
Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-dirty-part-of-green-energy_us_57607f8fe4b057ac661b23d0
“…To fill the yawning gap between the real and the ideal, methane must generate most of the farm’s “nameplate” power: A one-gigawatt solar farm with a 23% CF is actually a 770-megawatt gas plant enhanced by 230 megawatts of sunshine…”
“…According to the findings of the study, approximately 23.48 million people reside on these [contaminated] floodplains, supporting 5.72 million livestock and encompassing more than 65,000 square kilometers of irrigated land….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2023/09/20230923-lincoln.html
“…This [mining] is driving deforestation of tropical rainforests, which are home to many species….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2024/04/20240407-apes.html
“…Growing demand for minerals continues to drive deforestation worldwide….”
Source: A pantropical assessment of deforestation caused by industrial mining | PNAS
“…Targets for 100% electric vehicle adoption by 2035 cannot be achieved without an unprecedented acceleration in copper mining…”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2024/05/20240520-ief.html
“…The International Renewable Energy Agency estimated that there were about 250,000 metric tons of solar panel waste in the world at the end of 2016 and that the figure could reach 78 million metric tons by 2050….”
Source: https://canadafreepress.com/article/the-mounting-solar-panel-waste-problem
“…While most of a turbine can be recycled or find a second life on another wind farm, researchers estimate the U.S. will have more than 720,000 tons of blade material to dispose of over the next 20 years, a figure that doesn’t include newer, taller higher-capacity versions.…”
Source: https://www.npr.org/2019/09/10/759376113/unfurling-the-waste-problem-caused-by-wind-energy?
“…particulate matter emissions…are not significantly reduced by fleet electrification (<5%) due to the high weight of non-exhaust emissions….”
Source: Soret et al., “The potential impacts of electric vehicles on air quality in the urban areas of Barcelona and Madrid (Spain).” Atmospheric Environment, Volume 99, December 2014, Pages 51-63, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014007419 (Absract)
“…the total PM2.5 EF of the EV was comparable to the EF of the ICEVs….
…it can be confidently concluded that EVs are not zero emission vehicles….”
Source: Woo et al., “Comparison of total PM emissions emitted from electric and internal combustion engine vehicles: An experimental analysis.” Science of The Total Environment, Volume 842, 10 October 2022, 156961 – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972204058X
“…governments have been heavily incentivising the market to switch to electric passenger cars in order to reduce air pollution. However, this literature review suggests that electric vehicles may not reduce levels of PM as much as expected, because of their relatively high weight….”
Source: Victor R.J.H. Timmers, Peter A.J. Achten (2016) “Non-exhaust PM emissions from electric vehicles.” Atmospheric Environment, Volume 134, Pages 10-17, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135223101630187X
“…Overall, it appears that EVs do not result in significant reductions of PM and therefore cannot be considered the single solution to urban air pollution….”
Source: Victor R.J.H. Timmers, Peter A.J. Achten (2018) “Chapter 12 – Non-Exhaust PM Emissions From Battery Electric Vehicles” Academic Press, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128117705000121
“…This increases the tyre wear, brake wear and resuspended particulate matter emissions leading to their assessment of only a 1-3% reduction in PM2.5 emissions from electric vehicles when compared to conventional powertrains….”
Source: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government, “Non-Exhaust Emissions from Road Traffic,” 2019, https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/1907101151_20190709_Non_Exhaust_Emissions_typeset_Final.pdf
“…The 600kg battery pack in the Mercedes EQC would on the AQEG/DEFRA model potentially increase nanoparticle emissions from tyres by 48-108%, compared to a conventional vehicle weighing 600kg less….”
Source: https://mailchi.mp/emissionsanalytics/burningissue
“…one of the biggest contributors to respiratory disease, particulate matter (PM), is not predominantly produced by the combustion of fossil fuels….”
Source: https://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/this-is-why-electric-cars-won%27t-stop-air-pollution
“…5,760mg/km of completely unregulated tyre wear emission versus regulated exhaust emission limits of 4.5mg/km – a factor of over 1,000….”
Source: https://www.emissionsanalytics.com/news/2020/1/28/tyres-not-tailpipe
“…While regenerative braking is expected to reduce brake wear emissions, the increased weight and torque characteristics of alternative drivetrains such as EVs will likely be associated with increased tyre wear.…”
Source: https://www.emissionsanalytics.com/news/2020/1/8/burning-issue-tyres-and-air-quality
“…Half a tonne of battery weight can result in tire emissions that are almost 400 more times greater than real-world tailpipe emissions…
…This shows that 13.4 x 1011 #/km are in the size range between 6 nm and 23 nm. … The 14.5 x 1011 #/km for the whole size range should also be compared to the maximum number permissible from the tailpipe of 6.0 x 1011 #/km at a 23 nm cut-off, and the actual real-world values from Emissions Analytics’ EQUA test programme of … 0.1 x 1011 #/km for diesels.”
Source: https://www.emissionsanalytics.com/news/gaining-traction-losing-tread
“…Filters are so good that we have measured that in certain circumstances, when the ambient air is already polluted, a diesel car will tend to extract more particles from the air than it emits….”
Source: https://www.emissionsanalytics.com/news/2020/1/28/tyres-not-tailpipe
“…The first tire change for electric cars is taking place at an average of 17,985 miles and 551 days old, compared to 24,641 miles and 585 days for hybrids, and 24,335 and 670 days for gasoline and diesel cars….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2023/10/20231013-epyx.html
“…the increased tire wear from the Tesla over the Kia was 11 mg/km—2.4 times the maximum permissible tailpipe particle mass emissions….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2023/03/20230322-emissionsanalytics.html
“…Regulated emissions of NMHC, CO, and PM were 95, 98, and 89 percent below the EPA 2007 standard…
…Unregulated emissions that included single ring aromatics, PAH, nitroPAH, alkanes, alcohol and organic acids, hopanes/steranes, carbonyls, metals and elements, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and dioxins/furans were 79 to 99 percent lower than the emissions from a similar 2004 technology engine….” (Page 83)
Source: “Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) Phase 1 Final Report.” June 2009, Coordinating Research Council, https://legacy-assets.eenews.net/features/documents/2009/06/19/document_gw_01.pdf
“…Regulated emissions of NOx, NMHC, CO, and PM were 61%, 100%, 97%, and 92% below the 2010 emission standards, respectively….
…Unregulated emissions that included single ring aromatics, PAH, oxyPAH, nitroPAH, alkanes, alcohol and organic acids, hopanes/steranes, carbonyls, metals and elements, organic carbon, elemental carbon, dioxins and furans were 50% to 99% percent lower than those emitted from 2007 technology engines tested in ACES Phase 1….” (Page 69 of 70)
Source: “Phase 2 of the Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study – Final Report.” November 2013, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714243/
“…Animals were generally healthy and gained weight as expected – Females exposed for 30 months, males for 28 months due to overall lower survival rates – No overt clinical signs of disease other than normal aging…” (Slide #19)
Source: ACES DOE Merit Review June 2013, http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f13/ace044_greenbaum_2013_o.pdf
“STUDY OF LIFETIME ANIMAL EXPOSURE TO NEW TECHNOLOGY DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST FINDS NO LUNG CANCER
The first study to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of lifetime exposure to new technology diesel exhaust (NTDE) has found no evidence of carcinogenic lung tumors. The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES), issued today by the Health Effects Institute (HEI)1 also confirmed that the concentrations of particulate matter and toxic air pollutants emitted from NTDE are more than 90% lower than emissions from traditional older diesel engines (TDE).
The study exposed laboratory rats 80 hours a week, for up to 30 months, to emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine meeting stringent 2007 US EPA standards that use new filters and other control technology to reduce emissions significantly. In contrast to previous health studies of TDE, the ACES study found that lifetime exposure did not induce tumors or pre-cancerous changes in the lung and did not increase tumors related to NTDE in any other tissue….”
Source: https://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150127-aces.html
“…there is now sufficient evidence to conclude that health effects studies of pre-2007 DE likely have little relevance in assessing the potential health risks of NTDE exposures….”
Source: Hesterberg TW, Long CM, Sax SN, Lapin CA, McClellan RO, Bunn WB, Valberg PA. 2011. “Particulate matter in new technology diesel exhaust (NTDE) is quantitatively and qualitatively very different from that found in traditional diesel exhaust (TDE).” J Air Waste Manage Assoc 61:894-913, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22010375
“…A team of researchers in Germany has found that the mutagenicity of diesel engine exhaust (DEE) is eliminated in the gas phase by a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)…”
Source: Gotz A. Westphal et al, “Mutagenicity of Diesel Engine Exhaust Is Eliminated in the Gas Phase by an Oxidation Catalyst but Only Slightly Reduced in the Particle Phase.” Environmental Science & Technology (2012), http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/05/westphal-20120527.html
“Study shows significant reductions in real-world heavy-duty diesel emissions from 2010 regulations”
“…Frey and Sandhu found that a truck in compliance with the older 1999 standards emitted 110 grams of NOx per gallon of fuel used, and 0.22 grams of PM per gallon of fuel used. A 2010 truck emitted 2 grams of NOx per gallon of fuel-a decrease of 98%. The PM emissions were 95% lower….”
Source: Sandhu, G.S., and H.C. Frey, “Real-World Measurement and Evaluation of Heavy Duty Truck Duty Cycles, Fuels, and Emission Control Technologies.” Transportation Research Record, (in press), http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/04/ncsu-20120417.html
“… According to conventional wisdom, hydrogen-fueled cars are environmentally friendly because they emit only water vapor — a naturally abundant atmospheric gas. But leakage of the hydrogen gas that can fuel such cars could cause problems for the upper atmosphere, new research shows….”
Source: http://www.theozonehole.com/hydrogeneconomy.htm
“…The global warming effect of leaked hydrogen is almost 12 times stronger than CO2…”
Source: https://phys.org/news/2023-06-global-potential-hydrogen.html
“…But diesel fuel is being made cleaner, said David Friedman, research director for clean vehicles for the Cambridge-based Union of Concerned Scientists, and could become ‘a good option by the end of the decade.’…”
Source: http://www.dieselforum.org/
“…Hybrids and diesel engines are cleaner than gas, causing fewer air pollution deaths and spewing less heat-trapping gas….”
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“…This means that the EV tax credit costs around $337 to avoid each ton of carbon emissions….”
Source: The EV Tax Credit Is a Climate Lemon – Watts Up With That?
“..For worldwide net zero emissions by 2050 and the 4-times larger IPCC climate sensitivity, the averted warming would be 0.28 C (0.50 F)….”
Source: How Much Warming Would Net Zero By 2050 Prevent? – Watts Up With That?
“…44,893 new cars were diesel-powered, an increase of 3.2 percent compared to the same month last year….”
Source: Germany May Sales Of Electric Cars Plummet 30.6% Compared To Year Earlier – Watts Up With That?
“…The use of a novel sub-class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in lithium-ion batteries is a growing source of pollution in air and water.
Source: Guelfo, J.L., Ferguson, P.L., Beck, J. et al. Lithium-ion battery components are at the nexus of sustainable energy and environmental release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Nat Commun 15, 5548 (2024) (https://www.greencarcongress.com/2024/07/20240709-pfss.html)
“…If your fleet is exclusively using RD today, shifting to BEV will more than DOUBLE your life-cycle CO2 emissions….” (“RD HAS GREATER ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS” – Page 3)
Source: https://truckingresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ATRI_RenewableDiesel-Exec-Summary-05-2024.pdf
“…the wood doesn’t burn in this low-oxygen environment, but is converted into a multi-use char that can lock away carbon that otherwise would have been released through natural decomposition….”
Source: https://phys.org/news/2024-07-minneapolis-edge-biochar-carbon-sequestering.html